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Skills and job mismatch issues have become common and recurring issues in Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET). This issue is associated with the transfer of learning that involves various factors such as the area of training, certification level, curriculum, instructors, facilities and resources and industry recognition. In line with the Baldwin and Ford model, learning transfer involves three major factors such as the trainee's characteristics, the training design and working environment. Therefore, identify the factors which contribute to the effective transfer of learning is necessary. This study attempts to identify which factors are contributing to learning transfer based on National Occupational Skill Standard (NOSS) system in skill institutes in Malaysia to workplace. This is because the lack of relevant studies related to the learning transfer on the NOSS system and at once makes it difficult to emphasize the factors to be considered for effective transfer of learning. The design of the survey study through the distribution of questionnaires to 309 Malaysian Skills Certificate trainees was done to generalize the study findings. This study used the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) tool to validate the model. PLS-SEM is choose because it can predict and explain constructs target. Then it can explore the relationship between the construct. Besides that, PLS SEM is chosen because this method can be done on complex structure equation model that consists more constructs and indicators. PLS-SEM can also control both a reflective and formative constructs. Findings indicate that work environment and training design positively influences learning transfer be represented by generalization and retention construct. The findings provide useful insight and information regarding the learning transfer that correlate with mismatch issues that policy makers, training provider, employers and trainees need to consider to produce highly skill workers subsequently completed this skills mismatch issue.

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There are number of skill levels mentioned in previous study that less emphasised on the major element required for semi-skilled workers. Therefore, this paper aimed to determine the level of skills readiness of Kluang vocational college's students that apparently will work as semi-skilled worker in industry. This study was used quantitative research method through survey using questionnaires as the instrument to get the data and information for answering the research questions. A sample of 155 (85 male and 70 female) students of final year diploma students from various technology courses were selected based on purposive sampling method to complete the questionnaire survey given. A questionnaire that consists of six constructs was developed and the administered to obtain information. Data was collected and analysed descriptively using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). During data analysis, descriptive measurement was conducted and Independent T-Test test was used to analyse the differences between female and male student toward in their work readiness. Besides, the validity was made to ensure the questionnaire can be used. Content validity, face validity and construct validity were used in this study to make sure the instrument's validity. Moreover, the pilot study was carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire. Based on the analysis that has been made, Alpha Cronbach value was 0.95 categorized as a high level. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between male and female students on work readiness. The level of readiness among students as promising as referring to the high level of attitude, thinking skills, leaderships, teamwork, problem solving and communication skills. Furthermore, the students need to acquire at least foundation skills in their courses in order to be success in any job along the career pathway, students need to acquire specific occupational skills that allow them to differentiate themselves in a competitive job market.

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An entrepreneur needs to be physically and mentally prepared, with creative thinking skills, risk taker attitudes, as well as being a wise decision maker. Individuals aiming to be successful entrepreneurs need to have adequate entrepreneurial readiness with respect to knowledge, interests, motivation and abilities. The purpose of the research is to measure the level of readiness towards becoming entrepreneurs among participants of the lifelong learning programme in Malaysian community colleges. This research focuses on four elements of readiness comprising knowledge, interest, motivation and ability which were measured using a self-perception questionnaire. The sample for this research consisted of 236 participants from 305 students in the Lifelong Learning (LL) programme for Pastry making at Malaysian community colleges under the Ministry of Education. Data were analysed using mean and Kruskal Wallis test. The data analyses results show that the level of readiness from the aspect of knowledge (M = 3.67, SD = 0.58) is moderate, interest (M = 4.13, SD = 0.55) is high, motivation (M = 4.13, SD = 0.55) is high and ability (M = 3.8852, SD = 0.64) is moderate. No difference was found on entrepreneurial readiness between participants of different age groups indicating that age may not be a contributing factor towards entrepreneurship among pastry making LL programme participants.

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